如何进行功能性话题的词汇教学设计

如何进行功能性话题的词汇教学设计

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根据弗劳尔(Flower)and海斯(Hayes)提出的认知程序理论(Cognitive process theory)他们分析写作的过程及所涉及的步骤，并通过长期的观测与应用，了解到训练学生写作的有效方法,他们认为教师的作用在于帮助学生形成一套可行的写作策略。但是我们是否考虑过这样一个问题：为什么有的学生在写作过程中想不出合适的词汇呢？或者写出来的几乎无法读通，有的学生写起来水平一般，而有的人文彩飞扬？写和读同属语篇层次，但方向相反。读是一种输入过程，而写是一种输出过程。它的特点可用“生产性” (productivity) 来表述。实际上语言的输出过程之前没有足够语言输入过程是很难达到的。如何较好的完成输出过程了呢？我认为功能性话题的词汇教学是唤醒词汇的一种有效手段。
     一个教师或许可以教学生把语法题做得很出色，但写作是不能那么简单地教好的。写作教学的过程中，要让学生读到相关的功能性话题。这就要求教师对学生进行如 interest、friendship、environment、manners、failure and success等功能性训练。
    写是传递和储存书面信息的交际方式，并能超载时间和空间的限制。写作练习应注意发挥这一功能。教师在教学中要注意所选的材料应贴近学生生活，或者学生所了解与熟悉的，这样的写作题材具有真实性；写作的要求要与学生的水平相当，话题要求具体，操作可行性强，这样的内容容易引起学生的写作兴趣，激发他们的动机，激发他们的思维，也有利于他们的合作。素材的趣味性是激发学生写作的强大动力；同时还要培养学生实际运用的能力。
这样的训练方法不仅会提高学生的写作能力，开发他们的智力，而且会大大提高他们的学习兴趣和信心，以及自主学习和与他人合作的能力。这对学生全面素质的培养无疑能够起到非常积极的作用。高中教材八个模块有不同的功能性话题，我们可以进行整合教学，这样我们就可以最大程度开发利用好课程资源。如关于人物话题我们可以设计成功与失败话题，具体做法如下：

第一 教师可以设计不同的话题进行讨论：如：

1.What’s success?

   学生使用词汇归纳：

achieve one’s ambition/reach one’s goal/accomplish one’s aim /realize one’s dream/arrive at/reach the destination /meet one’s desire                                                 

    2.What qualities does a person need to have if he wants to succeed?

     学生使用词汇归纳：

ambition/destination/dream/desire/courage/confidence/determination/patience/enthusiasm

/perseverance                   

3.What should we do to succeed?

3
学生使用词汇归纳：

face/meet/rise to the challenge    take advantage of   

obtain the opportunity overcome difficulty                 spare no effort        be optimistic about  

keep practicing                 never give up

这样我们就可以通过特定语境进行语言的输出，复习大量的相关词汇并进行归纳，从而达到词汇记忆和应用的过程。

    第二 通过大量阅读相关功能话题的文章，进行语言输入过程。如：     

Adrian’s “Amazing Race” started early when his parents realized that he, as a baby, couldn’t hear a thing, not even loud noises. In a special school for the hearing-impaired(听觉受损的), he learned sign language and got to mix with other disabled children. However, the sight of all the disabled children communicating with one another upset his mother. She wanted him to lead a normal life. So after speaking to an adviser, she sent him to private classes where he learned to read lips and pronounce words.

Later on, Adrian’s parent decided to send him to a regular school. But the headmaster tried to prevent them from doing so, saying regular school couldn’t take care of a special needs student. His parents were determined to take the risk and push him hard to go through his work everyday because they wanted to prove that, given the opportunity, he could do anything. Adrian made the grade and got accepted. It was a big challenge. The pace was faster so he had to sit at the front of the class and really pay attention to the teacher, which wasn’t always easy. But he stuck to it and did a lot of extra work after school.

The efforts made by Adrian and his parents paid off. Adrian graduated with good grades and got into a top high school. He also achieved a lot in life outside school. He developed a love for the outdoors and went to Nepal to climb mountains. He even entered the World Yacht Race 05/06—being the first hearing-impaired Asian to do so.

But none of these achievements would have been possible without one of the most important lessons from his mother. “ If you believe in yourself and work hard, you can achieve great results,” she often said.(08浙江阅读A篇)

阅读文章后再进行话题讨论：

What does the story want to tell us? 通过讨论来刺激相关词汇，为语言输出做好铺垫。

    第三 设计不同的练习进行相关词汇的辩析，使学生对词汇有了更好的理解和应用。如：

  （一）根据同一个功能话题选词填空。

1.What’s the _________, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself?

A. sympathy B. theme  C. object  D. point

2.Evelyn Glennie’s _________ was to become a soloist percussion(打击乐器独奏演员), even though there were none at that time.

A. purpose B. mission C. goal     D. intention

3.Even if recycling _________ are met, there will still be a large amount of rubbish to be burnt up.

A. targets B. expenses C. efforts D. standards

4. His efforts to raise money for his program were in vain because no one showed any _________ to take a cent out of their pockets.

A. goal B. intention C. object D. ambition

5..— It took me ten years to build up my business, and it almost killed me.

  —_________

A. There is no smoke without fire  B. Practice makes perfect

C. All roads lead to Rome  D. No pains, no gains

6.Finding information in today’s world is easy. The _________ is how you can tell if the information you get is useful or not.

A. ability    B. competition  C. challenge    D. knowledge

（二）根据同一个功能话题写出相应单词的正确形式。

1. For a goalkeeper, it’s a great _________(优势) to have big hands.

2. There measures are strongly________(支持) by environmental groups.

3. I admire Mary because she is always _________(乐观的) about life.

4. If you have a job, do devote yourself to it and finally you’ll ________.

5. India attained independence in 1947m after a long _________.

6. Peace talks between the two countries have broken down with no agreement ________.

7. Knowledge or techniques have been _________ through exploration.

8. Thankfully, I _________ to get through the game and the pain was worth it in the end.

9. If he takes on this work, he will have no choice but to meet an even greater _________(挑战).

10. Realizing that he has wasted too much time, the boy is _________ to stop playing video games.

（三）阅读相关功能话题短文，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Aaron is a lawyer. He has been working in a big law firm. Recently, he 1.       defended the case of a man who was accused of breaking and entering a private apartment. When he was asked why he chose this particular job, he said that he was 2.      to be a lawyer in childhood. His decision to 3.       his dream was largely influenced by his father, who was a successful lawyer himself. Aaron always has a burning 4.       to be as good as his father.

     Although the road to becoming a lawyer is full of 5.        , he has not given up and 6.       it firmly. He recalled (回想) his first major case when he made a(n) 7.       to defend a woman against her abusive(虐待的) husband. He will always remember the look of thankfulness on her face when he 8.     the case.

Despite the long hours he has to put in, Aaron finds his job very 9.       and satisfying. He is delighted to see his dream has come 10.          .

1.A. flexibly B. optimistically C. successfully D. purposely

2.A. curious B. honored C. impatient D. determined

3.A. achieve B. overcome C. acquire D. attempt

4.A.destination B. ambition C. advantage D. judgment

5.A. achievements  B. purposes C. objects D. hardships

6.A. sticks to B. Deals with C. Goes through D. Takes over

7.A. agreement B. effort C. mistake D. target

8.A. abandoned B. considered C. won D. secured

9.A. respectful B. meaningful C. won D. secured

10.A. different B. useful C true. D loose

第四   通过大量的词汇输入后，学生已经具备输出条件，写作是学生应用词汇巩固词汇的最好手段。训练时按从易到难的原则，如：

(一）请以“One Thing I’m proud of”为，用英语写一篇50个词的短文，记述一件你自己认为得意的事情。要求如下：

1.记述事情经过；

2.简要说明你感到得意的原因或从中得到的启示。（13浙江改）

                    One Thing I’m proud of

I still remember how I became a good table tennis player.

The first day I went to high school, I saw some of my classmates playing table tennis. Amazed at how skillful they were, I                     (下决心) be just as good. Later on, I often watched them carefully to learn their techniques. Then I                   (保持练习) until I became                    (有足够信心去挑战) the good players. At the end of the term I became one of the best players in my class.

I        (真的对……感到自豪) this experience, because it helps me realize that we all can                                                          (通过艰苦努力发挥自己的潜能并实现目标). It also helps me better understand the proverb“Practice makes perfect.”

（二）书面表达 (2014福建卷改)

如何理解“成功”，不同的人有不同的看法。请认真阅读下面的引语（quotation），用英语写一篇50字左右的短文。

“Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.”                           — Sir Winston Church

通过以上用不同方式反复进行语言输入和输出过程从而达到词汇的理解、记忆和应用的过程，从而最大程度取得了词汇输入和输出效果。

参考文献：《推荐国内安全的网赌网站》